During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed. Plant resistance to insect pests has advantages over other direct control tactics. The international plant resistance to insects working group is an affiliation of researchers and practitioners that are advancing the development and use of plants with resistance to insects and other arthropods. Preventing and managing plant diseases mu extension. Advance towards host mediated rna interference insect pest management. Induced resistance, or resistance triggered by prior herbivore attack, has a number of potential uses in crop protection that are only now beginning to be explored. Integrating biological control and host plant resistance. Host plant resistance abstract a study was conducted to evaluate the use of re. The 23rd biannual international plant resistance to insects. At the most basic level, the difference between tolerance and resistance is related to how the plant defends itself. Host plant resistance and insect pest management in chickpea. Click download or read online button to get molecular host plant resistance to pests book now.
Wheat resistance to insects north dakota state univ. Grain yields on farmers fields in the semiarid tropics identification and utilization of sources of resistance sat are generally low 500 to 800 kg ha1 mainly due to insect pests. Crop improvement programs emphasize the breeding of crop varieties with multiple resistance to pests, and resistant varieties developed in recent years represent some of the greatest achievements of modern agriculture. Reyes, czarina gricell reyes, clark andrei romero, marielle salandanan, angelica salazar, isabella group 5 2. Host plant resistance and tolerance to insect pests eorganic. Types and mechanisms of host plant resistance to insect. Britton et al new zealand journal of forestry science 40 2010 109114 111 the usda forest service recently collaborated with chinese scientists to assess the possibility of monitoring existing plantings of north american trees in chinese botanical gardens, plantations and nurseries. Environmental protection agency epa has required refuges of host plants that do not produce bt toxins to promote survival of susceptible pests. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest.
Combining direct and indirect defences in crops may be a valuable. Advance towards host mediated rna interference insect pest. Combining reflective mulch and host plant resistance for. Collier horticulture research international wellesbourne, warwick, united kingdom host plant selection by insects is often divided into host plant finding. Modern agriculture provides novel solutions to age old problems. Host plant resistance to insects in searchworks catalog. The entomology department at mississippi state university provides an entomologist with experience in rearing insects to advise us in our small scale rearing program. May 14, 2016 genetic manipulation and host plant resistance 1. Over the years, plants have developed a variety of resistance mechanisms to deter feeding and damage by insects. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest management in.
Plant resistance to insects encompasses the application of principles of insect plant interactions to pest management. Host plant resistance should form the to insect pest damage. Plant resistance to insects is not density dependent, whereas biological control is. Host plant resistance to insects laboratory soybean quality improvement laboratory the longterm goal of research conducted in the small grains insect resistance laboratory is to identify, characterize and utilize genetic mechanisms that confer durable insect resistance to crop plants. Horizontal and vertical resistance method of management of resistance. Resistance to insect pests and diseases should be given as much emphasis as yield to identify new varieties and hybrids for cultivation by the farmers sharma and ortiz, 2002. The most attractive feature of hpr is that farmers virtually do not need any.
As an integrated pest management tactic, hostplant resistance entails the intentional use of resistant crop varieties, alone or in combination with other tactics, to reduce the impact of herbivores on crop yield or quality. Plants well adapted to local conditions will be more likely to resist pests. Unlike most phytophagous insects, the reproduction ofprimary bark beetles coleop. Host resistance hosts may be less susceptible to attack due to antibiosis and antixenosis or may yield well despite attack due to tolerance. For example, plant resistance to insects is compatible with insecticide use, while biological control is not. We do not have an entomologist assigned to the parent cris. Helianthus annuus, pericarp, achene, sunflower, host plant resistance to insects, sunflower moth. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Host resistance is important in reducing cost of pest control, may help protect environment by reducing pesticide use, and may help alleviate the onset of pesticide resistance. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by the breeders, increasing their susceptibility. Varying levels of resistance to insects occur naturally in host plant. Once the larva or nymph consumes the original host plant, it must go in search of a new food source. Biophysical bases of resistance in plants to insects pala ram ram singh and g. Lecture 16 host plant resistance definition types and.
Resistance and tolerance are plants best defense mechanisms. In contrast, there has been much less use of this method for the management of insect pests. Host plant resistance importance disease resistance, tolerance, susceptibility and disease escape. The use of plant resistance for managing arthropod pests in rice illustrates many aspects of the use of host plant resistance in pest management. Berryman department ofentomology, washington state university, pullman, washington 99164 usa abstract. Nearly 150 insect species have backbone of pest management in sorghum. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Resistancereduce fitness of insects after contact toleranceto stand and take it simply by outgrowing. Temperature has potential impacts on plant disease through both the host crop plant and the pathogen. Host plant resistance and biological control youtube.
If it happens to be in a field of the same plant, it will quickly encounter another meal. The builtin protection of resistant plants from insect pests functions at a very basic level, disrupting the normal association of the insect pest with its host plant. Host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control. Insect resistant varieties provide substantial economic returns on investment on research and development and give much greater returns on investment than pesticides. In a non host interaction, the invading pest or microbial pathogen is incapable of colonizing plant host tissue and no response is evident. Insects, at the same time, have evolved ways of circumventing the defense mechanisms in plants. Fritz genetic techniques clave yielded new itisighfs into plant herbivore coevolution. Several strategies are presented and discussed gene. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence. Coevolution is the generally accepted theory for the evolution of insecthostplant relationships, however, it can be shown that its main premisses are inadequate. A fundamental component of ipm radcliffes ipm world textbook host plant resistance hpr to insect pests is considered one of the key tactics for insect control, particularly in developing countries where utilization of other control methods. Host plant selection by insects is often divided into host plant finding. Host plant resistance importance disease resistance. Host plant resistance is an economical and environmentfriendly method of insect pest and disease management.
The probability of occurrence of a pest variant capable of overcoming host plant resistance depends on the mechanism of the resistance. Pdf research on the identification of sources of resistance to insect pests of sorghum i. Host plant resistance is one of the most effective forms of insect control. Insect plant interactions and host plant resistance ram singh and g. Examples of the effects of both nonpreference and antibiosis resistance on insect numbers are given. Our hypothesis is that whiteflies manipulate future host plants by triggering their host plants to emit a blend of volatiles that signals the deceptive information to neighboring plants. Insecthostplant relationship coevolution or sequential. Host plant resistance definition types and mechanisms ecological and genetic resistance host plant resistance hpr definition those characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same. Genetic engineering has helped developing plants that combine high. This approach utilizes a combination of host plant resistance and cultural, biological and chemical control methods. Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways. Department of entomology university ofcalifornia riverside.
The compatible, complementary role plant resistance to insect pests plays with other direct control tactics is, in theory and practice, in concert with the objectives of ipm. Also gives consideration to potentially resistant material. All crop cultivars should contain resistance to insect pests. Insect host plant resistance how is insect host plant. Nonpreference antixenosis host plants that express nonpreference affect the way an insect. Research has shown that host plants such as wheat and oats become more susceptible to rust diseases with increased temperature. Mainly from ferris et al 1992 beyond pesticides biological approaches to management in california, based on material from p. The broad coverage includes crop plant and insect diversity, mechanisms of insect plant interactions, host plant selection, components of resistance, the biochemical basis for resistance, mechanisms of resistance, factors affecting expression of resistance, screening techniques for resistance, the role of insect. When a plant does not look normal, or as expected, a gardener may assume that the plant is diseased and control measures are needed. The types of resistance needed for use in a given crop production system depends on the biology, distribution, population dynamics and major natural population regulation factors of the pest. Apr 26, 2017 learn how host plant resistance and biological control can work together to provide a longterm, integrated approach to managing a new invasive species in kansas sorghum, the sugarcane aphid. For example, if the resistance mechanism depends on blocking a particular enzyme in the pests metabolism, it might be overcome by a single gene change in the pest highly probable. The main field insect pests are leafminer and podborer in chickpea.
More time spent eating, and less time spent wandering around looking for food, yields healthier, stronger insects. It is, therefore, imperative to give pivotal position to host plant resistance in ipm. One ipm strategy is to grow crop varieties that are resistant to pest damage. Jul 25, 2017 plants of the genus cuscuta have colorful folk names, such as wizards net, devils guts, strangle tare or witchs hair. Concepts in insect hostplant selection behavior and their.
The overuse and misuse of insecticides some four decades ago created major environmental problems and was followed by the development of an integrated pest management approach to crop pests. Key words vegetables, host plant resistance, integrated pest management. The ability to develop insectresistant cultivars, use of markerassisted selection, and development of transgenic plants with insect resistance depends on the precision of resistance screening techniques. Coevolution is the generally accepted theory for the evolution of insecthost plant relationships, however, it can be shown that its main premisses are inadequate. Article pdf available in biological agriculture and horticulture 1.
That is, resistance in plants that evolved with an insect could be susceptible to being overcome by genetic changes in the insect pest. Asexually reproducing insects, especially aphids, tend to produce biotypes that can exploit different plant types, and overcome host resistance. Crop varieties that are resistant to pest damage are said to have host plant resistance. Microbes are passively distributed from plant to plant by wind, splashing rains, or insect vectors figure 3. This conference will explore areas of host plant resistance to insects from major angles. Paradigm shifts in research on host plant resistance to. Plants can sense being touched, 1 and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Concepts on phytophagous piercingsucking insects, their complex interactions with their host plants and associated microbes, including transmission of plant pathogens. Molecular host plant resistance to pests download ebook.
Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant and hence a reduction of disease, while the term disease tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage. Host plant resistance can be broken down into three categories. It results from insect plant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. The most attractive feature of hpr is that farmers virtually do not need any skill in application techniques, and there is no cash investment by the resource poor farmers. Examines the molecular biology and genetics of insect resistance in crop plants, and insect genes capable of overcoming resistance to form insect biophytes. Quantitat ive genetic tests of herbivory theory reveal tlzat in some cases insect kerbivores impose selectioti on resistance traits. Hostplant resistance in pest management sciencedirect. Plant tolerance and plant resistance are ways that plants deal with stressors in their environment. Insect control is serious and greatest challenge for agricultural crops. Preventing and managing plant disease begins even before planting, with site preparation and plant selection. Figure 1 categorizing pests, host plant resistance and tritrophic interactions and biological control effect aa i enemy pesti a 1 agricultural setting. Specific colorrelated resistance, for example, the red and glossy nature of cruciferae plants was a major factor conferring antixenosis resistance against the cabbage aphid. Host plants communicate warning signals through a parasite.
It has been estimated that the multiple insect resistant rice variety ir36 has provided us. Pdf host plant resistance to insects of legume crops r. Host plant resistance, insect pests, molecular markers, genetic transformation, gene pyramiding, rnai introduction host plant resistance hpr assumes a central role, and is the backbone of pest management in order to increase production and productivity of the crops, to meet the increasing demand for food, feed, fodder, and fuel. Insect biotypes biotypes are groups of genetically identical organisms insects. Plant resistance to insects is a natural phenomenon based on plant selfdefense mechanisms. This is suggested by the levels of resistance to some pests found in wild cotton. Airborne hostplant manipulation by whiteflies via an. To date the most widely deployed genes conferring plant resistance to insects have come from organisms other than plants e. Evaluation of host plant resistance against sunflower moth. Host plant resistance techniques to screen for resistance to insect pests. The implication is that insects with a longterm association with a host plant species have the genetic plasticity to overcome defense strategies of the host plant. In the case of tolerance, the plant has strategies that helps it to. Host plant resistance definition types and mechanisms ecological and genetic resistance host plant resistance hpr definition those characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same species painter, r. Integration of host plant resistance and biological.
Although crop yields and effectiveness of insect control vary among bt hybrids and transgenic technologies, bt plants generally are very effective for controlling target insects. However, even relative specialists are affected by learning, e. This chapter discusses the resistance of plants to insects. Deployment of host plant resistance hpr provides an opportunity to. However, nonpathogenic microbes, once deposited, do not have the capacity to. But the strategies must also be designed to be effective in the event that insect resistance does develop. Such refuges are expected to be most effective if the bt plants deliver a dose of toxin high enough to kill nearly all hybrid progeny produced by matings. Integration of host plant resistance into established crop production systems to maximize effectiveness of existing pest population regulation strategies is. Host plant resistance for insect control in some important. The first and best defense against plant diseases is a healthy plant, which is the main task of an accomplished gardener. Amongst various methods host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical.
Plant defense against herbivory or host plant resistance hpr describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Hpr has been used successfully in a number of major crop species to help control damage inflicted by major insect pests. Immunization systemic acquired resistance host plant resistance a physiological deviation from the normal functioning of the organism i. Host plant resistance to insects pdf free download kundoc. Insect interactions with microbes and plant hosts applied credits 3. Indeed, as shown above, the blend emitted by caterpillardamaged plants was quite different. Covers terminology and categories of resistance, and presents techniques for studying plant resistance. The relationship was described in the form of a damage curve by. Insecticides have been in use indiscriminately leading to the acquisition of resistance inadvertently in insects to all groups of. Biochemical bases of resistance in plants to insects ramesh arora and g. On the whole, host plant resistance hpr to insects has been the most successful and widely used method of control.
This approach utilizes a combination of host plant resistance. In bt corn, bt cotton, and bt potatoes, genes that direct bt toxin production have been inserted into plants so that seeds or seed pieces carry the instructions for plants to produce bt toxins for insect resistance host plant resistance to insects. For example, herbivorous insects are capable not only of causing mechanical damage but may serve also as vectors for numerous microbial pathogens. Considerable progress has been made in identification and. A historical account of plant resistance terminology is presented. In this article we will discuss about the insect resistance in plants. However, the central link of host plant finding, thought. They are leaf and rootless parasites and grow on their host plants without. Resistance is the ability of a certain variety to produce a larger yield of good quality than other varieties at the same initial level of infestation and under similar environmental conditions. Hybridization to combine gene for resistance with desirable agronomical.